| S-video : Separate luminance and chrominance |
| Salt Bridge: The salt bridge of a reference electrode is that part of the electrode which contains the filling solution to establish the electrolytic connection between reference internal cell and the test solution. Auxiliary Salt Bridge: A glass tube open at one end to receive intermediate electrolyte filling solution, and the reference electrode tip and a junction at the other end to make contact with the sample.
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| Salt Effect (fx): The effect on the activity coefficient due to salts in the solution.
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| Salt Gradient Solar Ponds: Consist of three main layers. The top layer is near ambient and has low salt content. The bottom layer is hot, typically 160 F to 212 F (71 C to 100 C), and is very salty. The important gradient zone separates these zones. The gradient zone acts as a transparent insulator, permitting the sunlight to be trapped in the hot bottom layer (from which useful heat is withdrawn). This is because the salt gradient, which increases the brine density with depth, counteracts the buoyancy effect of the warmer water below (which would otherwise rise to the surface and lose its heat to the air). An organic Rankine cycle engine is used to convert the thermal energy to electricity.
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| Salt Spray Test: An accelerated corrosion test in which the metal specimens are exposed to a fine mist of salt water solution either continuously or intermittently.
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| SAMA: Scientific Apparatus Makers Association. An association that has issued standards covering platinum, nickel, and copper resistance elements (RTDs).
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| Sample Draw: Sample Draw refers to a method to cause deliberate flow of the atmosphere being monitored to a gas-sensing element. |
| Sampling Rate: The rate at which an analog signal is sampled for conversion to and from the digital domain. The sampling rate is measured as the number of samples per unit of time. |
| Saturable Reactor: A magnetic component with a square loop hysteresis curve. The saturable reactor when driven in and out of saturation functions as a magnetic amplifier or switch.
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| Saturated Vapor Pressure: Is the pressure existing at a given temperature in a closed vessel containing a liquid and the vapor from that liquid after equilibrium conditions have been reached. It is dependent only on temperature and must be determined experimentally. |
| Saturation (Bipolar Transistor): A condition when an increase in base current will not produce an appreciable change in the collector-emitter voltage.
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| Saturation : Occurs when the vapor is at the dew point or saturation temperature corresponding to its partial pressure. A gas in never saturated with a vapor. However, the space occupied jointly by the gas and vapor may be saturated. |
| Sawtooth Waveform: A serrated waveform resembling the teeth of a saw.
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| SCADA : Supervisory control and data-acquisition systems |
| Scatter: Radiant energy reaching the detector of an instrument from the background other than that which is reflected from the target. |
| Scleroscope Hardness Test: A method for measuring the hardness of metals; a diamond-pointed hammer drops from a fixed distance through a tube onto the smoothed metal surface and the rebound measured. The scleroscope hardness value is empirically taken from the rebound distance, with a specified high-carbon steel as 100.
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| SCR: Silicon controlled rectifier.
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| Scroll: To move all or part of the screen material up to down, left or right, to allow new information to appear |
| SCSI: Small Computer System Interface: (pronounced scuzzi) is an agreed upon standard of how peripherals such as printers, hard drives, and other items may be attached to a computer. Collaboration on this standard allows for devices made by different manufacturers to communicate with each other. There are different types of SCSI reflecting extensions to the standard to accommodate wider data buses and faster transfer rates as technology has advanced.
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| SCUBA Self contained underwater Breathing apparatus. |
| SDSL -- (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Li A version of DSL where the upload speeds and download speeds are the same. |
| SDSL: SDSL stands for Symmetrical DSL, where the data rate is the same in both directions. |
| Sealed Cell: A cell which is sealed under normal conditions, but allows the escape of gas if the internal pressure exceeds a critical value.
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| Search Engine A (usually web-based) system for searching the information available on the Web.
Some search engines work by automatically searching the contents of other systems and creating a database of the results. other search engines contains only material manually approved for inclusion in a database, and some combine the two approaches.
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| SECAM : Acronym for systeme electronique couleur avec memoire. A television signal standard (625 lines, 50 Hz, 220 V primary power) used in France, eastern European countries, the former USSR, and some African countries.
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| Secondary Battery A galvanic battery which, after discharge, may be restored to the fully charged state by the passage of an electric current through the cell in the opposite direction to that of discharge.
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| Secondary Breakdown: Failure mode that occurs when a bipolar transistor is operated outside its safe operating area.
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| Secondary Output: An output of a switching power supply that is not sensed by the control loop.
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| Secondary Standard: pH buffer solutions which do not meet the requirements of primary standard solutions but provide coverage of the pH range not covered by primary standards. Used when the pH value of the primary standard is not close to the sample pH value.
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| Secondary Winding: A coil that receives energy from the primary winding by mutual induction and delivers energy to the load is the secondary winding. |
| Security Certificate A chunk of information (often stored as a text file) that is used by the SSL protocol to establish a secure connection. |
| Seebeck Coefficient: The derivative (rate of change) of thermal EMF with respect to temperature normally expressed as millivolts per degree.
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| Seebeck Effect: When a circuit is formed by a junction of two dissimilar metals and the junctions are held at different temperatures, a current will flow in the circuit caused by the difference in temperature between the two junctions.
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| Seebeck EMF: The open circuit voltage caused by the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions of a circuit made from two dissimilar metals.
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| Self Heating: Internal heating of a transducer as a result of power dissipation.
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| Self-Inductance: Inductance that produces an induced voltage in itself as the result of a change in current flow.
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| Semiregulated Output: A subjective term indicating partial regulation.
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| Sensing Element: The part of the transducer which reacts directly in response to the measurand.
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| Sensitivity Shift: A change in slope of the calibration curve due to a change in sensitivity. |
| Sensitivity: The ratio of change in transducer output to a change in the value of the measurand.
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| Seperation , Haskel Gas boosters A vented section located between the air drive piston rod seal and the gas section rod seal to prevent direct leakage from the air drive into the gas section and vice versa. All Haskel Gas Boosters have seperation. Air Amplifiers do not have this feature. |
| Serial transmission: Sending one bit at a time on a single transmission line.
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| Series Regulator: A regulator in which the active control element is in series with the dc source and the load.
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| Server: A computer on a network that serves as a central repository for data and programs and which can be accessed over the network by other computers, which are called clients.
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| Set Point: The temperature at which a controller is set to control a system.
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| Set Screw: A set screw is a threaded fastener that is typically used to hold a sleeve, collar or gear on a shaft to prevent relative motion. It is a threaded member that normally does not have a head. Unlike most other threaded fasteners it is basically a compression device normally used to generate axial thrust. Various sockets types are provided to allow the set screw to be rotated. These types include hexagon socket, fluted socket, screwdriver slot and square head. Various point designs are available (the part of the set screw that rotates against the shaft being secured) and include:
Cup - hollowed end and is the most commonly used point style. Used when the digging in of the point is not undesireable.
Cone - Pointed end, this type generates the highest torsional holding power and is typically used for a permanent connection.
Oval - Rounded end that is typically used when frequent adjustment is required. The oval end prevents/reduces indentation.
Flat - Cause little damage to the shaft and are used when frequent adjustment is required.
Dog - Flat end with the threads stopping short of the end with the end fitting into a hole.
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| Settling Time: The time taken for the display to settle within one digit final value when a step is applied to the meter input.
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| Shear Modulus: The ratio of the shear stress and the angular shear distortion.
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| Shear Stress: Where normal stress is perpendicular to the designated plane, shear stress is parallel to the plane.
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| Shearing Strain: A measure of angular distortion also directly measurable, but not as easily as axial strain. |
| Sheath Thermocouple: A thermocouple made out of mineral-insulated thermocouple cable which has an outer metal sheath.
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| Shielded Pair: A pair of conductors that are wrapped with metallic foil to isolate the pair from electrical interference.
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| Shock Test: An impact test where an object or test unit is subjected to an impulsive force which is capable of exciting mechanical resonances of vibration. |
| Short-Circuit Current (SCC): The initial value of the current obtained from a power source in a circuit of negligible resistance.
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| Short-Circuit Protection: A protective feature that limits the output current of a power supply to prevent damage.
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| Short-Circuit Test: A test in which the output is shorted to ensure that the short circuit current is within its specified limits.
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| SHTTP: Secure-Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Security Protocols For The Internet.
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| Shunt Cal (R-Cal): The change in electrical output caused by placing a fixed resistor between the appropriate transducer terminals. Used "in the field" for quick calibration.
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| Shunt Regulator: A linear regulator in which the control element is in parallel with the load, and in series with an impedance, to achieve constant voltage across the load.
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| Sign Bit: The first bit in a dibit (group of two bits) in 2 binary, 1 quarternary (2B1Q) modulation. The sign bit determines if the voltage of the transmitted signal is positive or negative. The second bit is the magnitude bit, and it determines whether the voltage is positive or negative.
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| Signal Conditioner: A circuit module which offsets, attenuates, amplifies, linearizes and/or filters the signal for input to the A/D converter. The typical output signal conditioner is +2 V dc.
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| Signal Conditioning: To process the form or mode of a signal so as to make it intelligible to, or compatible with, a given device, including such manipulation as pulse shaping, pulse clipping, compensating, digitizing, and linearizing.
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| Signal Ground: The common return or reference point for analog signals.
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| Signal: An electrical transmittance (either input or output) that conveys information. |
| Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR): A uni-directional, four-layer (PNPN) junction device in which conduction is initiated by the application of a gate current. Conduction will continue until the current is reduced to some minimum value.
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| SIMM: Single In Line Memory Module. |
| Simplex: One-way only communications |
| Sine Wave: A wave form of a single frequency alternating current whose displacement is the sine of an angle proportional to time or distance.
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| Singel Ended Gas Booster haskel A booster which has the gas section only on one end of the air drive. It may be single acting ( as in Haskel Model AG-15) or double acting ( as in Hakel model AGD-4). |
| Single Ended Pump Haskel A pump which has the pumping section only on one end of the air drive. It may be a single acting (as in the AW series, or double acting (as in the G series) pumps |
| Single Point Ground: The one point in a system that connects multiple grounds and returns. Also known as star ground, or holy point ground.
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| Single Precision: The degree of numeric accuracy that requires the use of one computer word. In single precision, seven digits are stored, and up to seven digits are printed. Contrast with double precision.
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| Single- Acting Pump, Haskel A pump that takes in fluid on one stroke of the cycle and discharges it on the other stroke. |
| Single-ended Input: A signal-input circuit where SIG LO (or sometimes SIG HI) is tied to METER GND. Ground loops are normally not a problem in AC-powered meters, since METER GND is transformer-isolated from AC GND.
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| Single-mode Fiber: An optical fiber that supports only one mode of light propagation. |
| Single-Plane (Static) Balancing Machine: A single plane balancing machine is a gravitational or centrifugal balancing machine that provides information for accomplishing single plane balancing.
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| Single-pole, double-throw (SPDT) switch: A switch that in one position completes one of two circuits. In the second position the switch completes a second circuit and breaking the first circuit. |
| Sintered Electrode: An electrode construction in which active materials are deposited in the interstices of a porous metal matrix made by sintering metal powder. |
| Sintering : Densification of a particulate ceramic compact involving a removal of the pores between the starting particles (accompanied by equivalent shrinkage) combined with coalescence and strong bonding between adjacent particles. |
| Sintering: Converting powder into a continuous mass by heating to a temperature considerably below fusion, usually after preliminary compacting by pressure.
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| Sinusoidal Frequency Response: The maximum sinusoidal frequency to which a fast-programmable power supply will respond with specified distortion in the output waveform.
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| Size-of-Source Effect: The effect by which the energy collected by, and temperature reading of, an instrument continues to increase as the size of a target increases beyond the field-of-view of the instrument. It is caused by two occurrences: the remaining energy above the percentage used to define location and scattering of radiation as it enters the instrument such that energy from outside the FOV of the instrument enters it. The existence of this effect means that the accuracy of the instrument may be affected by targets that are too large as well as two small. This effect is also called Target Size Effect. [ASTM STP 895] |
| Skidmore Bolt Tension Calibrator: The Skidmore-Wilhelm bolt tension calibrator is a hydraulic load cell used to determine the tension in a bolt or other threaded fastener. The tension in the bolt compresses fluid in a hydraulic cylinder, a pressure gauge connected to the cylinder is than calibrated to read in terms of force rather than pressure.
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| Slew Rate: The rate at which the output voltage swings from off to on and vise versa. Higher slew rates usually generate too much electrical noise. Slew rate control is a feature in many CPLDs that adjusts the slew rate of specified outputs allowing optimization between speed and the noise generated by sharp output transitions. |
| Slewing Rate: The maximum rate of change a power supply output can produce when subjected to a large step response or specified step change.
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| SLIP -- (Serial Line Internet Protocol) A standard for using a regular telephone line (a serial line) and a modem to connect a computer as a real Internet site. SLIP has largely been replaced by PPP. |
| SLIP: Serial Line Internet Protocol. SLIP is currently a de facto standard, commonly used for point-to-point serial communications.
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| Slow Start: A feature that ensures the smooth, controlled rise of the output voltage, and protects the switching transistors from transients when the power supply is turned on.
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| SMDS -- (Switched Multimegabit Data Serv A standard for very high-speed data transfer.
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| SMT: Surface Mount Technology.
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| SMTP -- (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) The main protocol used to send electronic mail from server to server on the Internet.
SMTP is defined in RFC 821 and modified by many later RFC?s
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| SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. The Internet standard protocol for transferring electronic mail messages from one computer to another.
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| SNMP -- (Simple Network Management Proto A set of standards for communication with devices connected to a TCP/IP network. Examples of these devices include routers, hubs, and switches.
SNMP is defined in RFC 1089
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| Snubber Network: A circuit that uses a RC network and a diode in unipolar switching applications.
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| Soft Start: A feature that lowers the peak inrush current during power supply turn-on.
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| Software: Generally, programs loaded into a computer from external mass storage but also extended to include operating systems and documentation.
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| Soil Moisture: The water contained in the pore spaces in the unsaturated zone.
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| Solar Trough Systems: A type of solar thermal system where sunlight is concentrated by a curved reflector onto a pipe containing a working fluid that can be used for process heat or to produce electricity. The world`s largest solar thermal electric power plants use solar trough technology. They are located in California, and have a combined electricity generating capacity of 240,000 kilowatts.
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| Solvation: Ions in solution are normally combined with at least one molecule of solvent. This phenomenon is termed solvation.
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| Solvent: Solution capable of dissolving a solute.
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| Source Code: A non-executable program written in a high-level language. A compiler or assembler must translate the source code into object code (machine language) that the computer can understand and process.
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| Source Frequency Effect: The effect on the output of a change in source frequency; or the change in stabilized outputs produced by a specified primary source frequency change. (Note: Mainly affects ferroresonant-type power supplies.)
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| Spam (or Spamming) An inappropriate attempt to use a mailing list, or USENET or other networked communications facility as if it was a broadcast medium (which it is not) by sending the same message to a large number of people who didn?t ask for it. The term probably comes from a famous Monty Python skit which featured the word spam repeated over and over. The term may also have come from someone?s low opinion of the food product with the same name, which is generally perceived as a generic content-free waste of resources. (Spam? is a registered trademark of Hormel Corporation, for its processed meat product.) |
| Span Adjustment: The ability to adjust the gain of a process or strain meter so that a specified display span in engineering units corresponds to a specified signal span. For instance, a display span of 200?F may correspond to the 16 mA span of a 4-20 mA transmitter signal.
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| Span: The algebraic difference between the limits of the range from zero to full scale.
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| Specific Gravity: The ratio of mass of any material to the mass of the same volume of pure water at 4?C.
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| Specific Heat: The ratio of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a body 1? to the thermal energy required to raise an equal mass of water 1?.
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| Specifications: The group of error limits within which each device will operate.
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| Spectral Filter: An optical or infrared element used to spectrally limit the transmission of radiant energy reaching an instrument?s detector.
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| Spheroidizing: Any process of prolonged heating and slow cooling of steel which will convey the carbide content into rounded or spheroid form.
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| SPIFF Still Picture Interchange File Format |
| Spontaneous Fission: The spontaneous splitting of the nucleus into two new nuclei, generally with the emission of one or more neutrons and the release of energy.
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| Spontaneous Ignition Temperature The minimum temperature to which a hydrocarbon must be heated to promote an ignition, in the presence of air, without the application of flame or spark. |
| Spooks: Small white porcelain insulators used to support neon tubes. Small holes in the insulator were used to thread tie wires through to secure the neon tube. |
| Spot: The diameter of the area on the target where the temperature determination is made. The spot is defined by the circular aperture at the target which allows typically 90% of the IR energy from the target to be collected by the instrument. See also Size-of-Source Effect. |
| Spread Spectrum: This communications technique has been used in secure military systems for a number of years and is now becoming popular in commercial systems. This format involves transmitting information which has been multiplied by a pseudo-random noise (PN) sequence which essentially "spreads" it over a relatively wide frequency bandwidth. The receiver detects and uses the same PN sequence to "despread" the frequency bandwidth and decode the transmitted information. This communications technique allows greater signal density within a given transmission bandwidth and provides a high degree of signal encryption and security in the process.
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| Spurious Error: Random or erratic malfunction.
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| SQL -- (Structured Query Language) A specialized language for sending queries to databases. Most industrial-strength and many smaller database applications can be addressed using SQL. Each specific application will have its own slightly different version of SQL implementing features unique to that application, but all SQL-capable databases support a common subset of SQL. |
| Squirrel Cage Motors: This is another name for an induction motor. The motors consist of a rotor inside a stator. The rotor has laminated, thin flat steel discs, stacked with channels along the length. If the casting composed of bars and attached end rings were viewed without the laminations the casting would appear similar to a squirrel cage.
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| SRAM Static random-access memory |
| SSL -- (Secure Socket Layer) A protocol designed by Netscape Communications to enable encrypted, authenticated communications across the Internet.
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| SSR: Solid state relay (see relay, solid state). |
| Stability: The quality of an instrument or sensor to maintain a consistent output when a constant input is applied.
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| Staebler-Wronski Effect: The tendency of the sunlight to electricity conversion efficiency of amorphous silicon photovoltaic devices to degrade (drop) upon initial exposure to light. |
| STALL, Haskel liquid pumps/ gas boosters When the Pump, Gas Booster, Air amplifier has reached its "Maximum Pressure", that is, the drive force is equal to the sum of the resistance pressure force and the friction in the (pump , gas , air amp,) section. Under this condition, there is no "unbalance" of forces left to drive the unit, and it stops cycling. This condition is referred to as "stall". |
| Standard Electrode Potential (E0): The standard potential E0 of an electrode is the reversible emf between the normal hydrogen electrode and the electrode with all components at unit activity.
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| Standardization: a process of equalizing electrode potentials in one standardizing solution (buffer) so that potentials developed in unknown solutions can be converted to pH values.
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| Standby Current: The input current drawn by a power supply under no load conditions. |
| Standby Power Supply (SPS): A power source designed to furnish power in periods of line loss.
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| Standoff: A mechanical support, which may be an insulator, used to connect and support a wire or device away from the mounting surface.
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| Star Ground: The one point in a system that connects multiple grounds and returns. Also known as single point ground, or holy point ground.
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| Star Network: A network topology with a central hub and a number of remote terminals. Each remote is connected to the hub by a point-to-point network. |
| Stare or Lag: A saturation effect whereby the signal from an instrument endures beyond the response time after the target has been removed from the field of view. Can be caused by exposing the sensor to a target of high temperature for an extended period. The effect is expressed as the increase in response time required for the sensor to return to within 5% of the correct reading.
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| Start-Up Delay: The time delay between either applying ac or a remote "on" and the time at which the outputs are in regulation.
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| Static Calibration: A calibration recording pressure versus output at fixed points at room temperature. |
| Static Error Band: The error band applicable at room temperature.
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| Static Pressure: Pressure of a fluid whether in motion or at rest. It can be sensed in a small hole drilled perpendicular to and flush with the flow boundaries so as not to disturb the fluid in any way.
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| Static Router: A router whose routing table must be reprogrammed by the network manager every time there is a change made to the internet work.
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| Static Transfer Switch: A solid-state switch used in Standby Power Supply (SPS) and Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems for transferring the load between the ac power line and inverter output.
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| Static Unbalance: Static unbalance is that condition of unbalance for which the central principal axis is displayed only parallel to the shaft axis.
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| Steady Flow: A flow rate in the measuring section of a flow line that does not vary significantly with time.
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| Step-Down Transformer: A transformer with a turns ratio more than one. The output voltage is less than the input voltage. |
| Stirling Engine: A heat engine of the reciprocating (piston) where the working gas and a heat source are independent. The working gas is compressed in one region of the engine and transferred to another region where it is expanded. The expanded gas is then returned to the first region for recompression. The working gas thus moves back and forth in a closed cycle.
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| Stoichiometric: Stoichiometric. The exact percentage of two or more substances which will react completely with each other leaving no unreacted residue. For example, a 7% mixture of methane by volume in air will react completely with the oxygen present leaving only CO2 and H2O as residue. If the methane concentration here is less than 7%, there would be oxygen left over. If the methane concentration were greater than 7%, there would be methane left over. |
| Stoichiometry: Refers generally to the composition of a material and specifically to the relative atomic proportions of cations and anions |
| Stop bit: A signal following a character or block that prepares the receiving device to receive the next character or block.
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| Storage Temperature: The ambient temperature range an instrument can survive in a non-operating Range mode and perform within specifications when operated. |
| Storage Transformer: A transformer with a turns ratio less than one. The output voltage is greater than the input voltage. |
| Strain Gage: A measuring element for converting force, pressure, tension, etc., into an electrical signal.
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| Strain: The ratio of the change in length to the initial unstressed reference length.
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| Strange Quark (s): The third flavour of quark (in order of increasing mass), with electric charge -1/3. |
| Stress: Force per unit area.
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| Sub-critical Reactor: A nuclear reactor that is configured to operate with an external source of neutrons to supplement internally generated neutrons to maintain the chain reaction.
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| Subcriber Line: Data transmission capacity over conventional twisted pair telephone lines. ADSL is a contender for a major piece of the "information highway" pie and it promises to deliver telephone, television, and data services to your home over the existing telephone line.
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| Subscriber: A customer of a telephone company or other communications carrier.
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| Sulphation: The formation of lead sulphate on the electrodes of a lead-acid battery. The term is usually applied to large crystals or crusts of insoluble lead sulphate which form after inappropriate or abusive use.
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| Super Cooling: The cooling of a liquid below its freezing temperature without the formation of the solid phase.
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| Super Heating: 1. The heating of a liquid above its boiling temperature without the formation of the gaseous phase. 2. The heating of the gaseous phase considerably above the boiling-point temperature to improve the thermodynamic efficiency of a system.
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| Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage SMES technology uses the superconducting characteristics of low-temperature materials to produce intense magnetic fields to store energy. SMES has been proposed as a storage option to support large-scale use of photovoltaics and wind as a means to smooth out fluctuations in power generation.
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| Supplementary Insulation: As defined by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., an independent insulation provided in addition to the basic insulation to protect against electric shock in case of mechanical rupture or electrical breakdown of the basic insulation. An enclosure of insulating material may form a part of the whole of the supplementary insulation.
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| Surge Current: A current of short duration that occurs when power is first applied to capacitive loads or temperature dependent resistive loads such as tungsten or molybdenum heaters-usually lasting no more than several cycles.
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| Suspension Effect: The source of error due to varied reference liquid junction potential depending upon whether the electrodes are immersed in the supernatant fluid or deeper in the sediment. Normally encountered with solutions containing resins or charged colloids.
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| Switching Frequency: The rate at which the dc voltage is switched in a converter or power supply.
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| Switching Power Supply: "Switchers" are typically smaller (by about 10X), lighter (by about 10X) and generate less heat (by about 5X) compared to an equivalent linear supply. At output power ratings above about 25W they are usually less expensive. However, their transient response is slower, output regulation less precise, and have higher PARD (noise). These latter issues aren`t usually a problem for most digital circuits, but must be considered when powering sensitive analog circuits.
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| Switching Regulator: A switching circuit that operates in a closed loop system to regulate the power supply output. |
| Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM): Times all address, data and control signals to a CPU system clock. This function eliminates the bandwidth bottleneck between your memory and CPU to maximize overall system performance.
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| Synchronous Inverter: An electrical inverter that inverts direct current electricity to alternating current electricity, and that uses another alternating current source, such as an electric power transmission and distribution network (grid), for voltage and frequency reference to provide power in phase and at the same frequency as the external power source.
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| Synchronous Rectification: A rectification scheme in a switching power supply in which a FET or bipolar transistor is substituted for the rectifier diode to improve efficiency.
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| Syntax: The rules governing the structure of a language.
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| Sysop -- (System Operator) Anyone responsible for the physical operations of a computer system or network resource. For example, a System Administrator decides how often backups and maintenance should be performed and the System Operator performs those tasks.
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Additions/Suggestions/Assistance
